The future of social protection: What works for non-standard workers?, by OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs

Social protection systems are often still designed for the archetypical full-time dependent employee. Work patterns deviating from this model – be it self-employment or online “gig work” – can lead to gaps in social protection coverage. Globalisation and digitalisation are likely to exacerbate this discrepancy as new technologies make it easier and cheaper to offer and find work online, and online work platforms have experienced spectacular growth in recent years.

While new technologies and the new forms of work they create bring the incomplete social protection of non-standard workers to the forefront of the international policy debate, non-standard work and policies to address such workers’ situation are not new: across the OECD on average, one in six workers is self-employed, and a further one in eight employees is on a temporary contract. Thus, there are lessons to be learned from country experiences of providing social protection to non-standard workers.

The report presents seven policy examples from OECD countries, including the “artists’ insurance system” in Germany or voluntary unemployment insurance for self-employed workers in Sweden. It draws on these studies to suggest policy options for providing social protection for non-standard workers, and for increasing the income security of on-call workers and those on flexible hours contracts.

Key issues

  • Across the OECD on average, 16% of all workers are self-employed.
  • 13% of all dependent employees are on temporary employment contracts. Often, they struggle to accumulate minimum contribution periods.
  • The self-employed are often covered only by the most basic of benefits.

Rising numbers of non-standard workers may erode the contribution base and the effectiveness of social protection systems. If taxes and social contributions are payable only to some categories of workers, firms have an incentive to shift work to workers who are less protected and less expensive.

Avenues for reform

The report notes that some policy solutions to close the coverage gap are already being implemented. In particular, Chapter 2 focuses on Australia’s largely general revenue-financed social protection system (supplemented by Pay-As-You-Go financed and income tax subsidised compulsory superannuation). Australia’s case study is given as an example of policy solutions that untie social protection from the employment relationship, and instead offer benefits on a means-tested basis.

(SourceOECD)

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